The lack of a clear link between any indigenous Peruvian languages and the quipus has historically led to the supposition that quipus are not a glottographic writing system and have no phonetic referent. His student Manny Medrano has gone further to find quipus that decode to match census data. However Gary Urton has suggested that the quipus used a binary system which could record phonological or logographic data. It is generally thought that the system did not include phonetic symbols analogous to letters of the alphabet. Some of the knots, as well as other features, such as color, are thought to represent non-numeric information, which has not been deciphered. Quipucamayocs ( Quechua khipu kamayuq "khipu specialist", plural: khipu kamayuqkuna) could be summoned to court, where their bookkeeping was recognised as valid documentation of past payments. In the early years of the Spanish conquest of Peru, Spanish officials often relied on the quipus to settle disputes over local tribute payments or goods production. Most information recorded on the quipus studied to date by researchers consists of numbers in a decimal system, such as "Indian chiefs ascertain which province had lost more than another and balanc the losses between them" after the Spanish invasion. On the lower left is a yupana – an Inca calculating device. Purpose A quipucamayoc in El primer nueva corónica. "The khipu were knotted-string devices that were used for recording both statistical and narrative information, most notably by the Inca but also by other peoples of the central Andes from pre-Incaic times, through the colonial and republican eras, and even – in a considerably transformed and attenuated form – down to the present day."Īrchaeologist Gary Urton, 2003. " Quipu" is the traditional Spanish spelling, while " khipu" reflects the recent Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift. The terms " quipu" and " khipu" are simply spelling variations on the same word. " Quipu" is a Quechua word meaning "knot" or "to knot". In most Quechua varieties, the term is kipu. Khipu (pronounced, plural: khipukuna) is the word for " knot" in Cusco Quechua. Quipu is the Spanish spelling and the most common spelling in English. Knotted strings unrelated to quipu have been used to record information by the ancient Chinese, Tibetans and Japanese. It is unclear how many intact quipus still exist and where, as many have been stored away in mausoleums. In several modern villages, quipus have continued to be important items for the local community. As the region was subsumed under the Spanish Empire, quipus were mostly replaced by European writing and numeral systems, and most quipu were identified as idolatrous and destroyed, but some Spaniards promoted the adaptation of the quipu recording system to the needs of the colonial administration, and some priests advocated the use of quipus for ecclesiastical purposes. They subsequently played a key part in the administration of the Kingdom of Cusco and later the Inca Empire, flourishing across the Andes from c. Objects that can be identified unambiguously as quipus first appear in the archaeological record in the first millennium AD (though debated quipus are much earlier ). The configuration of the quipus has been "compared to string mops." Archaeological evidence has also shown the use of finely carved wood as a supplemental, and perhaps sturdier, base to which the color-coded cords would be attached. A quipu could have only a few or thousands of cords. The cords stored numeric and other values encoded as knots, often in a base ten positional system. The Inca people used them for collecting data and keeping records, monitoring tax obligations, collecting census records, calendrical information, and for military organization. Ī quipu usually consisted of cotton or camelid fiber strings. Quipu (also spelled khipu) are recording devices fashioned from strings historically used by a number of cultures in the region of Andean South America. Quipu in the Museo Machu Picchu, Casa Concha, Cusco For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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